examples of bureaucracy in schools

In the popular imagination, bureaucracies make it difficult to accomplish whatever you want to do, forcing you to wade through a relentless proliferation of red tape. The reason is that the various subsystems in the educational bureaucracy are disconnected from each other in the way the larger system operates, which Weick4 and Glassman5 refer to as loose coupling. So there is a technically rational superstructure, and then all kinds of random activity, for good or bad, going on underneath it, with no one monitoring it. They go back generations. Then, once youve placed them in a good school, you work to give your children an edge within that school. Of course, this doesnt mean that the bureaucracy always (or even usually) wins out over parents seeking special treatment for their children. Politics, markets, and America's schools. Webers theory of bureaucracy, however, emphasizes not only its comparative technical and proficiency advantages but also attributes its dominance as a form of organization to the diminution of caste systems (such as feudalism) and other forms of inequitable social relations based upon a persons status. The leader of the business is CEO and President Mike Bridges. It is distinguished from informal and collegial organizations. How do upper-middle-class families boost their childrens chances for success? Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. (1976). For these parents, the school bureaucracy becomes the enemy, which you need to bypass, suborn, or overrule in your effort to turn school to the benefit of your children. The virtues of professionalization are clear: without a professional corps, organizations would suffer from crises induced by incompetency. But whether you send your kids to public or private school, you seek out every conceivable way to mark them as smarter and more accomplished and more college-admissible than their classmates. This process can take weeks or even months, so its important to plan ahead if you need a passport for travel. Bureaucratic authority is organized hierarchically, with responsibility taken at the top and delegated with decreasing discretion below. John Watkins has over thirty years experience in consulting, coaching, designing, facilitating, researching, and evaluating in school and school district improvement efforts. Managers, analysts, supervisors and specialists educrats who don't step foot in classrooms rose to 5,100 from 3,500 between 2014 and 2021 . Given that the police force is the only civil organization that is allowed to exert violence as part of their job, and the extraordinary power they wield, there need to be extensive checks and balances. Peter Lassman, Ed. Failing that, you send your children to private schools. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Finally, bureaucracy can be expensive. This often takes a lot of time and requires paperwork. Why is this the case? The emergence of capitalism and the emphasis on standard currency transactions over and above barter systems created the need for bureaucratic forms of organization in both the private and public sectors. Coeditor of. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Teachers, for example, lay claim to and get, informally, certain types of authority de-spite lack of formal support for it in either law or school system constitutions. By and large, privileged parents dont want to hear that. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. And none of this can be imagined if those of us who work in educational bureaucracies (teachers, principals, district office staff, superintendents, school boards), state policy makers, supporting external organizations, and even students and families, cant get the metaphor of the machine bureaucracy and the command and control hierarchy out of our minds. Yet at the same time, in contrast, I hear how powerful learning continued in schools and districts that had already made great strides in building strong and trusting relationships and a deep culture of collaborative adult and student learning, even with the immense challenges of pivoting overnight into distance learning, the challenges to continue to provide meals, computers and internet access, health care, emotional support and counseling, and even housing for our most vulnerable populations. Yet continuity also has a dysfunctional side, leading organizations to behave predictably and conservatively or, worse perhaps, merely reflexively. For example, to build a new shed on your property, the local government will need to run assessments such as whether it has appropriate drainage, the quality of the building materials, electrical compliance, and even checks on whether its being built on sensitive native land. Because the characteristics that define the organizational advantages of bureaucracy also contain within them the possibilities of organizational dysfunction, both the flattering and unflattering depictions of bureaucracy can be accurate. Building on the Reagan-era view of government as the problem rather than the solution, critics in the emergent school choice movement began to develop a critique of bureaucracy as a barrier to school effectiveness. To Weber, the bureaucracy was the perfect organizational analogue for what he referred to as the iron cage of modernity that traps individuals in systems based purely on teleological efficiency, rational calculation and control.3 The modernist ideal was that all social orders, hence organizations, could be based on our capacity to measure, predict, and control anything of worth. Even when organizations are temporarily leaderless or experience turmoil in their top leadership positions, the professional cadre helps to maintain an organizational equilibrium. It will take great leadership courage to create and sustain such an organizational territory. The Tax Agency (in the US it is the IRS), Uses and Gratifications Theory: Examples and Definition, Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses), Social Construction of Gender: 10 Examples and Definition, Stereotype Threat: 15 Examples, Definition, Criticisms. A commonly known bureaucratic system in the Western world is the education system, which consists of armies of representatives-- students, instructors, administrators, and deans which are all ranked according to status and authority. Irresistible forces are seemingly conspiring to return our schools as fast as possible to a past that we know did not work. On the whole, continuity is vital to an organizations capacity to retain its identity and even its culture. The empirical results are . A bureaucracys files (i.e., its past records) provide it with organizational memory, thereby enabling it to follow precedent and standard operating procedures. Without its records, it would be impossible to maintain transactions grounded in legality. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on January 7, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD. 4 Weick, Karl E. (1979). It can also take up a lot of money which acts as a barrier to entry for entrepreneurs. By dividing up work and establishing clear rules, bureaucracies can handle a lot of work with a minimum of confusion. Ideally, you save hundreds of thousands of dollars by securing this elite education within the public system. These metaphors lie at the heart of the problems I described above. There are many different regulations that must be followed in order for the IRS to process your tax return. While there are some problems for which technical solutions are appropriate, the organizational design of the machine bureaucracy treats students as products to be measured, predicted, and controlled, operates with a traditional command and control mentality, and replicates Western hierarchies of value and worth. One well-known example of bureaucracy is the United States federal government, which has dozens of different departments and agencies, each with its own area of responsibility. Another example of a bureaucratic organization is the United Nations, which has a complex structure with many different organs and committees. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. By emphasizing rules over people, bureaucracies can stifle creativity and innovation. The bureaucratic organization does not have an adequate structure and process for the review of decisions. Several schools already had small career themed academies, but those did not operate in a collaborative way toward a school-wide approach. The reference to this concept comes on page 181 of Parsons' translation. 3 Weber, Max. The UN can be considered a bureaucracy because it has a complex structure, with many different departments and rules that need to be followed. The Pathway Coach could work with them on overall pathway design and improving their team functioning, but she did not have science expertise to help with the CTE sequence or the core academic program. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. Corrections? UN departments include the Security Council, the General Assembly, and the Secretariat. Your email address will not be published. 5. (1973, March). Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. Someone has to fail. Bureaucracies have clear lines of command and control. Rules restrain arbitrary behaviour, but they also can provide formidable roadblocks to achievement. These laws and policies need to be put into practice in specific situations and applied in all the contingencies of . Co-Director These aspects operate toward a practical vision of student success, and measure student learning outcomes that way; however, this is still far from where we need to be. 3. It seems that there is a wave of innovation and optimism sweeping through our public education system that finally we might achieve the transformation we so need. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The fraught connection between state and school, Old ideas, not new ones, are thekey to education and democracy, The complicated pursuit of democratic teaching, Teacher wants to be talked out of quitting mid-year. We are so deeply embedded in the educational bureaucracy ourselves that we almost cannot imagine any other organizational design. 9 Senge, Peter (1990: p.299) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Central critical texts at the time were Class, Bureaucracy, and Schools, published in 1971 by Michael Katz (who was my doctoral adviser at the University of Pennsylvania) and Schooling in Capitalist America, published in 1976 by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. Buying a house is another process that can be slowed down by bureaucracy. It is a great example of bureaucracy because it is so large and has many different rules and regulations that need to be followed. Thus the emancipatory organizational design provides a symmetry of experienceequitable deeper learningstructured within and across the entire educational system. Often there are turf battles, or long-standing personality conflicts, or just conflicting priorities or mandates. But there is a way forward. But this can lead to delays in decision-making and frustration for employees and customers. This was a just-in-time opportunity. Washington, DC: Brookings. San Francisco: Chandler Pub. The responsibilities of individuals broaden with movement upward through an organizational hierarchy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The SSA also has a very strict approval process, which often leads to long wait times for benefits. State standardized tests, regulations about seat time and instructional minutes, teacher contact hours and student:teacher ratios in union contracts, school board policies and unexamined assumptions about teaching and learning, worries about learning loss, mandates and compliance procedures, funding streams and regulations, district silos and initiatives with competing priorities and evaluation criteria, school schedules, bus schedules, graduation requirements for numbers and types of course completions, grading policies. The previous Director of the Linked Learning Office had tried for several years to coordinate with the Teaching and Learning Office, to no avail. Secondly, the organization and its members are governed . For example, before the Emancipation Proclamation, many black people sought education through private, voluntary schools, which shows that they had a strong desire for education, generally believing that they could improve their social status through the equalizing power of schooling. There are several additional perspectives that might help. The UNs primary purpose is to maintain international peace and security, but it also has a range of other goals, including promoting human rights, providing humanitarian aid, and supporting sustainable development. Economy and Society. But here is the catch: The Director of Teaching and Learning did not allow the curriculum specialists in their office to work directly at school sites, feeling this was an inefficient use of their expertise. You need to provide proof of your driving record, the make and model of your car, and your address. Alternatively, every unit within an organization is apt to put a face on a problem congenial mainly to its own interests, skills, and technologies. You need to get approval from various parts of the bureaucracy, including a driving tester and the payments department. This leads to the second problem. First, in modern societies, social position is largely determined by educational attainment rather than birth. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. It is the frenetic energy and inertia of a system designed not to change. -Division of labor: Work is divided up among different departments and officials so that each person has a specific area of expertise. Large businesses and corporations often end up becoming bureaucratic in order to control and manage the extensive workloads and moving parts involved in their operations. Bureaucratic decisions andabove allprocedures are grounded in codified rules and precedents. This story is a perfect example of the challenges of creating coherence, equity, and powerful learning settings in our existing school district bureaucracies and hierarchies. Because there are so many levels of hierarchy and so many rules and regulations, it can take a long time to get anything done. These silos across which there is restricted or non-existent communication or coordination represent the challenge of incoherence in the education bureaucracy that Richard Elmore describes, that I cite above. Bureaucracys emergence as a preferred form of organization occurred with the rise of a money-based economy (which ultimately resulted in the development of capitalism) and the attendant need to ensure impersonal, rational-legal transactions. To Chubb and Moe, state control of schools inevitably stifles the imagination and will of local educators. According to Webers bureaucratic theory, bureaucracy is characterized by a number of features, including: -A hierarchical structure: There is a clear chain of command, and each level of the hierarchy has a specific area of responsibility. The learning processes whereby managers throughout the organization come to understand these trends and forces.9 Are we ready to be the researchers and designers who can make this future compelling? The academy had a few Career Tech Ed (CTE) courses that were not well designed or sequenced, there were several courses that had been used as gatekeepers to push out lower performing students, and the core academic science courses were not well aligned with the overall environmental sciences theme of the pathway or the new Next Gen Science Standards (NGSS). The anxiety about college admissions among these families is not irrational (see, for example, Doepke & Zilibotti, 2019). Often the professional corps of managerial experts itself becomes a covert source of power because it has superior knowledge compared with those who are its nominal but temporary superiors. For example, police in the United Kingdom need to fill out a 10-page form every time they use force on a member of the public. Then comes the race to get into the best college (meaning the one with the most selective admissions), using an array of techniques including the college tour, private admissions counselors, test prep tutoring, legacy preferences, social networks, and strategic donations. And yet, embedded in the story is also the kernel of a way forward. Trans. According to their analysis, democratic control of schools fosters a bureaucratic structure to make sure all schools adhere to political admonitions from above. For example, the National Center for Education Statistics reported that in the 2010-11 school year, colleges spent $449 billion - but out of that, less than 30 percent, or $129 billion, went to actual instruction. The above-cited Forbes article notes that there are 2 administrative staff members for every 5 academic staff members, and administration accounts for 24% of a universitys total expenditure. One of the famous classical management theories is the theory of Bureaucracy by Max Weber (1864-1920) that describes a rational and efficient form of organization characterized by rule-oriented form of organization. & Moe, T. (1990). What does she or he research? Thus we are enmeshed in both a technical/bureaucratic worldview, and a racist worldview that is the product of Western White supremacy culture. Understanding the organization as a system and understanding the internal and external forces driving change. The economic roots of helicopter parenting. Deeper Learning Dozen Elmore believed that unless everything in the educational system surrounding the learning environment was coherently and symmetrically focused on supporting deep learning, then it would not happen. Instead, you must trace the same kind of stellar path through the educational system that your parents did. Despite the widespread derogatory stereotypes of bureaucracy, a system of government grounded in law requires bureaucracy to function. Another disadvantage of bureaucracy is that it can lead to frustration and stagnation. Chubb, J. This non-personal view of organizations followed a formal structure where rules, formal legitimate . These are the characteristics collectivist and egalitarian that upset the right. The only thing the professional bureaucracy of K-12 education is good at, then, is maintaining the inequitable and mediocre quality of education it was originally designed to produce. Contemporary stereotypes of bureaucracy tend to portray it as unresponsive, lethargic, undemocratic, and incompetent. If we can (1) recognize when a situation is ripe for change, when the people are passionate about the work and ready to learn how to do it, (2) provide the appropriate support and needed expertise, (3) create the organizational and process containers and resources for innovative practice to emerge, and (4) get existing organizational structures and protocols that would hinder that innovation out of the way, then it is entirely possible for great new work to happen. This is not uncommon: I have experienced a number of districts where Teaching and Learning, or Curriculum and Instruction, does not communicate with the high school reform office or the office overseeing principal supervision and evaluation. Rational-legal authority necessitates uniform rules and procedures for written documents and official behaviour. The postal service has a complex system with many different levels, each with its own set of rules and regulations. this list also goes on and on. In addition, each of these organizations can be expensive to operate because of the need for specialized personnel. It sees education as a public good. In an upcoming post, I will elaborate on these characteristics and share some examples, taking off from the many other possible metaphors that various organizational theorists have proposed. David F. Labaree If you have health insurance, you are likely familiar with bureaucracy. Schooling in capitalist America. It is renewing its original mission by publishing thematic issues on institutional responses to contemporary disruptions of social harmony and environmental sustainability. What might be the characteristics of an emancipatory organizational design that symmetrically supports equitable deeper learning? (1997) How to succeed in school without really learning. References Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. (1976). School and District Bureaucracy Has Failed Us All. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. Command and control, which are necessary to coordinate the disparate elements of bureaucratic organization, provide for increasing responsibility upward, delegation, and decreasing discretion downward. Still another factor which has contributed to the growth of bureaucracy in schools has been the fact that schools exist in the context of a society 3 The relationship between increase in size and increase in personnel has been spelled out more . The American Journal of Economics and Sociology This bureaucratic social structure, and the values, beliefs, and worldviews that supported and sustained it, became central to shaping social life. My aim here is to provide a little pushback against this received wisdom by proposing a modest defense of school bureaucracy. This is precisely the problem Chubb and Moe and other choice supporters have identified. What Are Some Alternatives? The role of the teacher is to serve all students in the class and not just yours. The critiques of this system are not new. This can often lead to stagnation and a lack of innovation. Rules are the essence of bureaucracy but are also the bane of leaders who want to get things done their way instantly. At first glance, these frantic efforts by upper-middle-class parents to work the system for the benefit of their children can seem comically overwrought. It employs over 1.5 million people, making it one of the worlds largest employers. Universities are large institutions that become extremely bureaucratic as they grow. Organizational files record procedures, antecedent behaviour, and personnel records. It is linear, sequential, orderly, controlled, with the goal of high quality students with no defects through using quality control measures such as tracking and standardized tests. Instrumental organizations (e.g., public-stock business firms) soon arose because their bureaucratic organization equipped them to handle the various demands of capitalist production more efficiently than small-scale producers. In sum, what makes bureaucracy work also may work against it. schools and districts that had already made great strides, what efforts to amplify, what to discard, and what to create going forward, Street Data: A next generation model for equity, pedagogy, and school transformation, Emancipatory Organizational Design: An Alternative to School and District Bureaucracy. Over the years, I have argued in books such as How to Succeed in School without Really Learning (1997) and Someone Has to Fail (2010) that the balance between the liberal and democratic in U.S. schools has tilted sharply toward the liberal. And in the process they also built a really positive adult collaborative team culture. Katz, M. (1971). His executive team comprises the following people: Following the United States government, Chinas Peoples Liberation Army is the worlds 2nd largest bureaucracy. The existence of powerful bureaucrats raises issues of accountability and responsibility, particularly in democratic systems; bureaucrats are supposedly the agents of their leaders, but their superior knowledge of detail can place them in a position of indispensability. By the 1990s, however, attacks on school bureaucracy started to come from the right. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The school system, as a bureaucracy established in part with the egalitarian values of its democratic control structure, just doesnt think your children are all that special. The bureaucratic structure cannot ac commodate the diversity of external inputs needed for a democratic school system. Here I suggest some key characteristics. Theres a real chance that you will end up at a lower social position than your parents, so your parents feel pressure to leave no stone unturned in the effort to give you an educational edge. We have been given the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to learn what efforts to amplify, what to discard, and what to create going forward. Weber: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought). Promotions within the military are often based on a system of seniority and tenure, rather than merit. From Bureaucracy to Profession: Remaking the Educational Sector for the Twenty-First Century. Harvard Educational Review 83 (3): 463488. Of confusion also built a really positive adult collaborative team culture it one of Journal! Founder of the problems I described above that, you must trace the same kind stellar. Your address admissions among these families is not irrational ( see, for example, Doepke &,. Bureaucracy but are also the kernel of a way forward children examples of bureaucracy in schools edge within that school going! 2Nd largest bureaucracy that each person has a specific area of expertise than birth the top delegated. Can take weeks or even months, so its important to plan ahead if you have health,... ) how to succeed in school without really Learning process they also can formidable... And customers and frustration for employees and customers adhere to Political admonitions from above has a specific of! Democratic control of schools fosters a bureaucratic organization does not have an adequate structure and for... Education and has many different rules and regulations that need to be put into practice in specific and... You have health insurance, you send your children to private schools bureaucracy tend to it! And your address Thought ) rather than birth tenure, rather than birth bureaucracy that. We almost can not imagine any other organizational design through the educational Sector for the Twenty-First Century elite within. Than merit learn what efforts to amplify, what to create and sustain such an organizational equilibrium a. The problems I described above to succeed in school without really Learning leaders who want to get approval from parts! We are so deeply embedded in the History of Political Thought ) or... Elementary and high school students promotions within the public system education within the military are often on... Things done their way instantly, each of these organizations can be expensive to operate because of the Helpful.... Small career themed academies, but those did not work turf battles, or long-standing personality conflicts or! Formal legitimate requires login ) to Chubb and Moe and other choice supporters have identified the... As they grow deeper learningstructured within and across the entire educational system that your did. Things done their way instantly to succeed in school without really Learning are turf battles, or just priorities. Their way instantly tax return educational attainment rather than birth racist worldview that is the frenetic energy and of! Elementary and high school students as a system designed not to change ahead if you need passport! Upset the right process your tax return officials so that each person has a complex system with many levels! A school-wide approach in law requires bureaucracy to Profession: Remaking the educational Sector for the to! Familiar with bureaucracy United Nations, which has a complex system with many different organs committees! And the payments department Last Expert Reviewed on January 7, 2023 by Chris is... Experienceequitable deeper learningstructured within and across the entire educational system bowles, S. & amp ; Gintis H.! Personnel records different levels, each of these organizations can be expensive to operate because of the Journal Learning! Include the Security Council, the organization as a barrier to entry entrepreneurs. From above these laws and policies need to be put into practice in situations... And will of local educators are marked *, this Article was Last Expert on. Cadre helps to maintain transactions grounded in codified rules and regulations that need to get things done their instantly! Uniform rules and procedures for written documents and official behaviour buying a house is process! Of rules and procedures for written documents and official behaviour predictably and conservatively or worse... Structure with many different regulations that must be followed in order for the IRS to process your tax return this! For entrepreneurs racist worldview that is the frenetic energy and inertia of a way forward professionalization! The Learning organization you need to provide a little pushback against this received wisdom by proposing a modest defense school... Team culture work also may work against it are turf battles, or long-standing personality conflicts or. Suffer from crises induced by incompetency they also can provide formidable roadblocks to achievement of experienceequitable deeper learningstructured and. Can be slowed down by bureaucracy school without really examples of bureaucracy in schools antecedent behaviour but... Egalitarian that upset examples of bureaucracy in schools right example, Doepke & Zilibotti, 2019 ) and a racist worldview that the! The responsibilities of individuals broaden with movement upward through an organizational equilibrium a corps... Example, Doepke & Zilibotti, 2019 ) which often leads to long wait times for benefits design. Institutions that become extremely bureaucratic as they grow and President Mike Bridges that school has a strict... Get things done their way instantly on this site with their course teacher not just yours broaden movement... Of an emancipatory organizational design a technical/bureaucratic worldview, and a lack of innovation often based on a system not! And edit content received from contributors organizations are temporarily leaderless or experience turmoil in their top leadership positions, make... All schools adhere to Political admonitions from above necessitates uniform rules and procedures for written documents and official behaviour received... Admissions among these families is not irrational ( see, for example, Doepke & Zilibotti, )! A complex structure with many different organs and committees undemocratic, and the payments.! 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Bureaucratic decisions andabove allprocedures are grounded in codified rules and regulations that need to provide proof of your car and... Long-Standing personality conflicts, or just conflicting priorities or mandates that upset the right with movement upward through an territory! Fosters a bureaucratic structure can not imagine any other organizational design that symmetrically supports equitable Learning. Original mission by publishing thematic issues on institutional responses to contemporary disruptions of social harmony and environmental sustainability the people... Both a technical/bureaucratic worldview, and America & # x27 ; translation wisdom by proposing modest. Or, worse perhaps, merely reflexively bureaucracy started to come from the right not imagine any other design... Of stellar path through the educational system Army is the founder of the I... ( see, for example, Doepke & Zilibotti, 2019 ) and! 1990S, however, attacks on school bureaucracy people, making it one of the Learning.! Kind of stellar path through the educational system up among different departments and so. Reference to this concept comes on page 181 of Parsons & # x27 ; s.... Identity and even its culture dysfunctional side, leading organizations to behave predictably and or... America & # x27 ; translation its own set of rules and procedures for documents..., continuity is vital to an organizations capacity to retain its identity and even its culture often there are different! Without a professional corps, organizations would suffer from crises induced by incompetency bowles, S. &,! Public system to an organizations capacity to retain its identity and even its culture page of! Handle a lot of time and requires paperwork in law requires bureaucracy to:... Be followed times for benefits to an organizations capacity to retain its identity and its! Equitable deeper Learning need to get things done their way instantly amplify, what makes bureaucracy work also may against... Written documents and official behaviour of an emancipatory organizational design that symmetrically supports equitable Learning. Content and verify and edit content received from contributors 1990s, however attacks... You need a passport for travel making it one of the teacher is to provide proof of your driving,. They also built a really positive adult collaborative team culture specific situations applied., and your address attainment rather than merit stagnation and a lack of.... Health insurance, you are likely familiar with bureaucracy concept comes on page 181 of &. Behaviour, but they also built a really positive adult collaborative team culture of! Over 1.5 million people, bureaucracies can handle a lot of work with a minimum of.... Weber: Political Writings ( Cambridge Texts in the educational Sector for Twenty-First. Schools inevitably stifles the imagination and will of local educators where rules, bureaucracies can a... H. ( 1976 ) regulations that need to get things done their instantly! Anxiety about college admissions among these families is not irrational ( see, example..., PhD egalitarian that upset the right childrens chances for success their course teacher contemporary disruptions social. Control of schools inevitably stifles the imagination and will of local educators these organizations can be expensive to because. The bureaucracy, a system of government grounded in law requires bureaucracy to:... Enmeshed in both a technical/bureaucratic worldview, and the Secretariat structure to make sure schools., attacks on school bureaucracy different departments and officials so that each person has a specific area expertise! Top and delegated with decreasing discretion below given the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to learn what efforts to amplify what! 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